tugas ku

1. Independent and dependent clauses

Independent clauses can potentially stand alone and are not structurally dependent on other clauses.If a sentence has only one clause that clause is of course, normally an independent clause.

Example:

"We have writing class today"

A dependent clause is structurally dependent on another clause, as in the following example:

"Because it was very dark, the boys missed the road"

Dependent clauses can’t normally stand alone. Of course every sentence must have al least one independent clause.

Apparent exceptions are cases such as answer to questions.

For example:

Q: “Why did the boys missed the road?”

Y: “Cause it was very dark”.

The clause in the answer can be regarded as dependent on the boys missed the road.

2. Subordinating words

Summary list of words used to subordinate clauses

Time Cause and effect Opposition Condition

After

Before

When

While

As

By the time

Since

Until

As soon as

Once

As / so long as

Whenever

Every time / that

The first time Because

Since

Now that

As

As / so long as

In as much as

So (that)

In order that Even though

Although

Though

Where as

While

If

Unless

Only if

Whether or not

Even if

Providing (that)

Provided (that)

In case (that)

In the event (that)

The following are examples of complex sentence arranged according to the meaning of the subordinate conjunction.

1) Time: when, whenever, while, since, after, before, until, as, etc.

– I will take a vacation, when I have the time.

– He had wanted to be a lawyer, since he was a young boy.

– While I was walking home, it began to rain.

2) Place: where, wherever

– We will meet, wherever the committee decides.

3) Manner: as, as if

– He acted, as if he owned the place.

4) Comparison

– I don’t swim as well as he does.

5) Reason, cause, purpose: as, because, so that, in order that, since, for fear that

– It will not be necessary to study that chapter, because you have already read it.

– I will study the chapter, so that I can pass the examination.

6) Result: so….that, such….. that

– The book was so interesting that I read it in one evening.

7) Condition: if, whether, unless, on condition that, as / so long as, supposing (that)

– He sign the contract on condition, that he be allowed to consult his wife.

– He will not sign the contract, unless it is satisfactory.

8) Contrast, concession: although, though, even though, no matter if, wherever, whenever, whatever, as much as, where as

– While I made many friends in the class, I had to learn on my own.

– As much as I needed special attention, people were always helpful.

– I always passed all the tests, even if I needed more time than the others.

– My grades were always excellent, even though I was often absent.